Dr. Mulchand Patel Biochemistry 128 Biomedical Education Building Buffalo NY, 14214 Phone: (716) 829-3398 Email: mspatel@buffalo.edu View map

DESCRIPTION OF INTERESTS

-Regulation of Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex One goal of our research is to investigate the structure-function relationships, gene regulation, genetic defects and gene targeting of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). We are studying the active sites of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) components of the complex to delineate the structure-function relationships and catalytic mechanisms. Recombinant human mutant E1 and E3 proteins generated by site-directed mutagenesis are investigated for altered kinetics and structural characteristics. To understand transcriptional regulation of the E1alpha, E1beta and E3 genes, a variety of molecular biology techniques, including site-directed mutagenesis and expression of transgenes in cultured cells and intact mice are employed. Glucose-mediated transcriptional regulation of the E1alpha gene is also being investigated. Recently we have disrupted, using a homologous recombinant technique, the E3 gene and the E1alpha gene separately to develop a mouse model for PDC deficiency, and these knock-out mice are being investigated for abnormal brain development. Nutrient-Induced Obesity A second goal of the laboratory is to investigate nutrient-induced regulation of insulin gene transcription. The influence of altered nutrition during the suckling period on the development of hyperinsulinemia and obesity later in adult life is being investigated using artificially reared rats. Future work on this model will focus on the molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced insulin gene transcription in islets of high-carbohydrate fed rats and on the changes in the hormones and/or growth factors responsible for the development of hyperinsulinemia in the progeny born to hyperinsulinemic rats. The role of specific kinases and phosphatases in glucose-mediated regulation of insulin gene transcription will be a focus of this investigation.

EDUCATION

1968	Doctor of Philosophy, Animal Science(Nutritional Biochemistry) University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
1964	Master of Science, Biochemistry M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda, India
1961	Bachelor of Science, Chemistry Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India

EXPERTISE

DIET-INDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY The influence of nutrition during early childhood on the etiology of obesity and cardiovascular complications due to altered lipid metabolism later in life is poorly understood. Evidence indicates that alterations in supply of nutrients especially of increased carbohydrate intake during an early developmental period exert long-lasting effects on lipid metabolism in experimental animals. The mechanism(s) by which early nutritional modification causes permanently altered metabolic responses later in life is not known. The elucidation of mechanisms involving cellular differentiation and proliferation of pancreatic beta cells, the development of hyperinsulinemia and altered hormonal responses leading to permanent changes in lipid metabolism is the objective of this study. The advent of artificial rearing of rat pups by intragastric feeding, and the ease with which a modified milk formula can be initiated early in the postnatal period, presents an opportunity to examine these processes experimentally. Our current aims are to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced nutrient-induced transcription of the insulin gene as well as the genes whose products have been implicated to play regulatory roles in glucose-induced insulin secretion (fuel hypothesis). The role of insulin-like growth factors in modulating expression of specific genes such as the somatostatin transcription factor 1 (STF-1) gene as well as the roles played by specific kinases and phosphatases in modifying specific transcription factors in pancreatic beta cells is being investigated.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HUMAN PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX a. Structure-function relationships of the E1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) component and the E3 (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase) component of the complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), a multienzyme mitochondrial enzyme, plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of pyruvate. PDC is composed of multiple copies of three catalytic components (E1, E2 and E3), two regulatory enzymes (kinase and phosphatase), and a protein X. (E3-binding protein). The complex catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the presence of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), coenzyme A and NAD+. The pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component is composed of two non-identical subunits (alpha2beta2), and catalyzes the first two partial reactions of the complex, namely (i) the TPP-dependent decarboxylation of pyruvate to 2-(1-hydroxyethyledene)-TPP and (ii) transfer of the resultant acetyl group to covalently linked lipoyl moieties of the E2 (dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase). However, the roles played by the alpha and beta subunits of mammalian E1 in catalysis are not delineated because all the available information has been generated using the isolated E1 component as a tetrameric form. Similarly, although the involvement of several specific amino acid residues (e.g. tryptophan, arginine, cysteine, histidine, etc.) in E1 catalysis has been demonstrated, their roles in catalysis remain to be determined. Three phosphoserine residues (designated sites 1, 2 and 3) on the E1alpha subunit have been identified. Phosphorylation of site 1 is correlated with initial and major inactivation of PDC activity, and further inactivation is accompanied by continued phosphorylation of site 1 as well as of sites 2 and 3. The interactions among the three sites of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of E1 have been subjected to vigorous scrutiny by eliminating them singly or in combination using site-directed mutagenesis and examining the consequences in expressed recombinant human E1alpha. Using the combined approaches of site-directed mutagenesis and expression of mutant proteins, we are currently studying the roles of specific amino acid residues in E1 catalysis. Our long-term goal is to better understand the structure-function relationship and catalytic function based on its crystal structure. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) is a homodimer and each monomer noncovalently binds a molecular of FAD. The main distinguishing feature of the catalytic mechanism (bi-bi ping-pong) of mammalian E3 is the catalytic intermediate, a charge transfer complex between a thiolate anion and FAD. Based on the comparison of the known three-dimensional structure of human glutathione reductase, the four structural domains as well as the involvement of several specific amino acid residues in E3 catalysis have been predicted. We have overexpressed and purified to near homogeneity both the recombinant wild-type and mutant forms of human E3. Our current efforts are directed towards the modification of specific amino acid residues individually to investigate their roles in catalysis. To aid our understanding of the structure-function relationship of human E3, we have constructed a three-dimensional structural model using an Evans & Sutherland PS390 computer graphics system with program FRODO. The cofactor FAD and the substrate NAD+ and lipoic acid are also included in this model. Our long-term goal is to better understand the structure-function relationship and catalytic mechanisms of human E3 based on crystallographic studies of the normal protein as well as functional analysis of mutant enzymes. b. Regulation of the human E1 alpha, E1 beta and E3 genes. The structural organization of the human E1alpha, E1 beta and E3 have been recently reported. We have recently reported the structural organization of the mouse E3 gene. Additionally, we have isolated the genomic clones harboring the promoter-regulatory regions of the human E1 beta and E1 alpha genes. There is, however, a lack of information about transcriptional regulation of any one of these three genes. Using DNase I foot-printing analysis, we have identified several major protein-binding domains in the promoter-regions of the human E1 alpha, E1 beta, and mouse E3 genes. Studies are underway to further characterize several of these binding domains using coexpressed or purified transcriptional factors in a transient reporter gene expression assay or gel-mobility shift assay. Knowledge of the promoter-regulatory regions and their transcriptional regulation is prerequisite for our understanding of possible coordinate regulation of the PDC genes as well as of the identification of mutations which may be localized in these regions. c. Genetic defects in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The aim of this investigation is to study the mechanism of genetic defects of the human PDC and to enhance our understanding of the relationship of normal structure and catalytic function of the component proteins and regulation of expression of the multiple genes responsible for their constituent proteins. Genetic defects of PDC are associated with congenital lactic acidosis, variable neurological disabilities, and often an early death. We have identified a large number of patients with PDC deficiency (primarily with the E1 component). We have developed specific immunological and cDNA probes for the catalytic components and have shown heterogeneity of the expression of E1 and E3 proteins and mRNAs. Using the polymerase chain reaction technique combined with DNA sequencing, we have already identified several mutations (both in E1- and E3-deficient patients). The mode of inheritance of these defects has also been investigated in several families.The identification of a mutation in the coding region of the gene allows us to recreate the defect in the overexpressed recombinant protein to investigate its importance in the structure-function relationship of the component proteins. d. Gene targeting. Approaches are being developed to introduce or to modify the existing PDC genes (E3 and E1 alpha) in a mouse. We are particularly interested in developing a mouse model for PDC deficiency using a homologous recombination technique to investigate (i) the structural anomalies in the brain, (ii) impairment in carbohydrate metabolism in the animal, and (iii) evaluation of the efficacy of dietary interventions or pharmacological agents as a treatment. These studies are currently in progress.

PUBLICATIONS

Gangasani, A. Sidhu, S. Fallavollita, J.A. Korotchkina, L. G. Suzuki, G. Patel, M.S. Canty, J.M., Jr.; Cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) deficiency in mice leads to myocardial hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.; Circulation; 2005; 112(II); II-21-II-22

Srinivasan M, Laychock SG, Hill DJ, Patel MS; Neonatal Nutrition: Metabolic programming of pancreatic islets and obesity; Experimental Biology & Medicine; 2002; 228(1); 15-23

Petrick, J., Srinivasan, M., Aalinkeel, R., Coukell, S., Arany, E., Mulchand Patel, Hill, D.J.; A chronic high carbohydrate diet causes an altered ontogeny of pancreatic islets of Langerhans in neonatal rat; Pediat. Res.; 2001 Jul; 49; 84-92

Ciszak, E., Korotchkina, L.G., Hong, Y.S., Joachimiak, A., Mulchand Patel; Crystallization and initial X-ray diffraction analysis of human pyruvate dehydrogenase; Acta Crystallographica; 2001 Jul; D57; 465-468

Yang, H.-S., Morris, J.I., Wang, Q., Korotchkina, L.G., Kwon, M., Mulchand Patel; Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene transcription is mediated by cAMP-response element-like site and TACGAC direct repeat; Internatl. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.; 2001 Jul; 33; 902-913

Lee, B., Srinivasan, M., Aalinkeel, R., Mulchand Patel, Laychock, S.G.; Mitochondrial-encoded gene regulation in rat pancreatic islets; Metabolism; 2001 Jul; 50; 200-206

Korotchkina, L.G., Mulchand Patel; Probing the mechanism of inactivation of human pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation of three sites; J. Biol. Chem.; 2001 Jul; 276; 5731-5738

Aalinkeel, R., Srinivasan, M., Song, F., Mulchand Patel; Programming into adulthood of islet adaptations induces by an early nutritional intervention in the rat; Amer. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.; 2001 Jul; 281; E640-E648

Korotchkina, L.G., Yang, H.-S., Tirosh, O., Packer, L., Mulchand Patel; Protection by thiols of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes from 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced inactivation in situ; Free Radical Biology & Medicine; 2001 Jul; 30; 992-999

Song, F., Srinivasan, M., Aalinkeel, R., Mulchand Patel; Use of a cDNA array for the identification of genes induced in islets of suckling rats by a high carbohydrate nutritional intervention; Diabetes; 2001 Jul; 50; 2053-2060

Lee B, Srinivasan M, Aalinkeel R, Patel MS, Laychock SG; Mitochondrial-encoded gene regulation in rat pancreatic islets.; Metabolism; 2001 Feb; 50(2); 200-206

Srinivasan M, Aalinkeel R, Song F, Lee B, Laychock SG, Patel MS; Adaptive changes in insulin secretion by islets from neonatal rats raised on a high-carbohydrate formula.; Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab; 2000 Dec; 279(6); 1347-1357

Srinivasan, M., Aalinkeel, R., Song, F., Lee, B., Laychock, S.G., Mulchand Patel; Adaptive changes in insulin secretion by islets from neonatal rats raised on a high carbohydrate formula; Amer. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.; 2000 Jul; 279; E1347-E1357

Johnson, M.T., Yang, H.-S., Mulchand Patel; Targeting of the E3 component of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes; Methods Enzymol.; 2000 Jul; 324; 465-476

Aalinkeel R, Srinivasan M, Kalhan SC, Laychock SG, Patel MS; A dietary intervention (high carbohydrate) during the neonatal period causes islet dysfunction in rats.; Am J Physiol; 1999 Dec; 277(6 Pt); 1061-1069

Aalinkeel, R., Srinivasan, M., Kalhan, S.C., Laychock, S.G., Mulchand Patel; A dietary intervention (high-carbohydrate) during the neonatal period causes islet dysfunction in rats; Amer. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.; 1999 Jul; 277; E1061-E1069

Tripatara, A., Korotchkina, L.G., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of point mutations in patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: Role of methionine-181, proline-188, and arginine-349 in the alpha subunit; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1999 Jul; 367; 39-50

Datta, U., Wexler, I.D., Kerr, D.S., Raz, I., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of the regulatory region of the human testis-specific form of the pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit (PDHA2) gene; Biochem. Biophys. Acta; 1999 Jul; 1447; 236-243

Tan, J., Mulchand Patel; Cloning and characterization of a 5.9 kb promoter of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha-subunit gene; Biochem. Biophys. Acta; 1999 Jul; 1431; 531-537

Korotchkina, L.G., Ali, M.S., Mulchand Patel; Involvement of alpha-cysteine-62 and beta tryptophan-135 in human pyruvate dehydrogenase catalysis; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1999 Jul; 369; 277-287

Yang, H.-S., Johnson, M., Mulchand Patel; Roles of an Ets motif and a novel CACGAC direct repeat in transcription of the murine dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld) gene; Biochem. J.; 1999 Jul; 338; 667-675

Liu, T,-C., Hong, Y.S., Korotchkina, L.G., Vettakkorumakankav, N.N., Mulchand Patel; Site-directed mutagenesis of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Role of Lysine-54 and glutamate-192 in stabilizing the thiolate-FAD intermediate; Protein Expression and Purif.; 1999 Jul; 16; 27-39

Hong, Y.S., Jacobia, S.J., Packer, L., Mulchand Patel; The inhibitory effects of lipoic compounds on mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its catalytic components; Free Radical Biology & Medicine; 1999 Jul; 26; 685-694

Srinivasan, M., Mulchand Patel; Glycogen synthase activation in the epidydimal adipose tissue from chronic hyperinsulinemic/obese rats; J. Nutr. Biochem.; 1998 Jul; 9; 81-87

Tan. J., Yang, H.-S., Mulchand Patel; Regulation of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit gene expression by glucose in HepG2 cells; Biochem. J.; 1998 Jul; 336; 49-56

Johnson, M., Yang, H.S., Johanning, G.L., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of the mouse dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld) gene: Genomic structure, promoter sequence, and chromosomal localization; Genomics; 1997 Jul; 41; 320-326

Hong, Y.S., Kerr, D.S., Liu, T.-C., Lusk, M., Powell, B.R., Mulchand Patel; Deficiency of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase due to two mutant alleles (E340K and G101 del). Analysis of a family and prenatal testing; Biochim. Biophys. Acta; 1997 Jul; 1362; 160-168

Wexler, I.D., Hemalatha, S.G., McConnell, J., Buist, N.R.M., Dahl, H.-H.M., Berry, S.A., Cederbaum, S.D., Mulchand Patel, Kerr, D.S.; Outcome of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency treated with ketogenic diets. Studies in patients with identical mutations.; Neurology; 1997 Jul; 49; 1655-1661

Johnson, M.T., Yang, H.-S., Magnuson, T., Mulchand Patel; Targeted disruption of the murine dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene (Dld) results in perigastrulation lethality; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.; 1997 Jul; 94; 14512-14517

Vettakkorumakankav, N.N., Mulchand Patel; Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: structural and mechanistic aspects; Indian J. Biochem. Biophys; 1996 Jul; 33; 168-176

Srinivasan, M., Vadlamudi, S., Mulchand Patel; Effect of chronic hyperinsulinemia/obesity on activation of glycogen synthase; Internat. J. Obesity and Metab. Disorders; 1996 Jul; 20; 981-989

Hong, Y.S., Kerr, D.S., Craigen, W.J., Tan, J., Pan, Y., Lusk, M., Mulchand Patel; Identification of two mutations in a compound heterozygous patient with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency; Human Mol. Genet.; 1996 Jul; 5; 1925-1930

Tripatara, A., Kerr, D.S., Lusk, M.M., Kolli, M., Tan, J., Mulchand Patel; Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: Characterization of three new mutations in the E1alpha subunit; Human Mutation; 1996 Jul; 8; 180-182

Dey, R., Naik, S., Mulchand Patel; Tissue-specific expression of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha (Pdha-1)/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion gene in transgenic mice; Biochem. Biophys. Acta; 1996 Jul; 1305; 189-195

Laychock SG, Vadlamudi S, Patel MS; Neonatal rat dietary carbohydrate affects pancreatic islet insulin secretion in adults and progeny.; Am J Physiol; 1995 Oct; 269(4 Pt); 739-744

Mulchand Patel, Harris, R.A.; alpha-Keto acid dehydrogenase complexes: Gene regulation and genetic defects; FASEB J.; 1995 Jul; 9; 1164-1172

Eswaran, D., Ali. M.S., Shenoy, B.C., Roche, T.E., Mulchand Patel; Arginine-239 in the beta subunit is at/or near the active-site of pyruvate dehydrogenase; Biochim. Biophys. Acta; 1995 Jul; 1252; 203-208

Liu, T-C., Korotchkina, L.G., Hyatt, S.L., Vettakkorumakankav, N.N., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of recombinant human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and its site-directed mutants. Spectroscopic studies; J. Biol. Chem.; 1995 Jul; 270; 15545-15550

Madhusudhan, K.T., Naik, S.S., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of the promoter regulatory region of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase beta gene; Biochemistry; 1995 Jul; 34; 1288-1294

Laychock, S.G., Vadlamudi, S., Mulchand Patel; Dietary carbohydrate in neonatal rats affects insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets of adults and progeny; Amer. J. Physiology: Endocrinol. & Metabolism; 1995 Jul; 269; E739-E744

Mulchand Patel, Vettakkorumakankav, N.N., Liu, T-C.; Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: activity assays; Biothiols; 1995 Jul; 252; 186-195

Mulchand Patel, Naik, S., Wexler, I.D., Kerr, D.S.; Gene regulation and genetic defects in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; J. Nutrition; 1995 Jul; 125; 1753S-1757S

Ali, M.S., Shenoy, B.C., Eswaran, D., Andersson, L.A., Roche, T.E., Mulchand Patel; Identification of the tryptophan residue in the thiamine pyrophosphate binding site of bovine pyruvate dehydrogenase; J. Biol. Chem.; 1995 Jul; 270; 4570-4574

Korotchkina, L.G., Mulchand Patel; Mutagenic studies of phosphorylation sites of human pyruvate dehydrogenase; J. Bio. Chem.; 1995 Jul; 270; 14297-14304

Korotchkina, L.G., Tucker, M.M., Thekkumara, T.T., Madhusudhan, K.T., Pons, G., Kim, H., Mulchand Patel; Overexpression and characterization of human tetrameric pyruvate dehydrogenase and its individual subunits; Protein Exp. Purif.; 1995 Jul; 6; 79-90

Vadlamudi, S., Kalhan, S.C., Mulchand Patel; Persistence of metabolic consequences in the progeny of rats fed an HC formula in their early postnatal life; Amer. J. Physiology: Endocrinol. & Metabolism; 1995 Jul; 269; E731-E738

Maury, J., Kerbey, A.L., Priestman, D.A., Mulchand Patel, Girard, J., Ferre, P.; Pretranslational regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex subunits in white adipose tissue during the suckling-weaning transition in the rat; Biochem. J.; 1995 Jul; 311; 531-535

Hemalatha, S.G., Kerr, D.S., Wexler, I.D., Lusk, M.M., Kuang, M., Du, Y., Kolli, M., Schelper, R.L., Mulchand Patel; Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency due to a point mutation (P188L) within the thiamine pyrophosphate binding loop of the E1 alpha subunit; Human Mol. Genet.; 1995 Jul; 4; 315-318

Mulchand Patel, Vadlamudi, S., Johanning, G.L.; Artificial rearing of rat pups: Implications for nutrition research; Annual Rev. Nutr.; 1994 Jul; 14; 21-40

Wexler, I.D., Du, Y., Lisgaris, M.V., Mandal, S.K., Freytag, S.D., Yang, B-S., Liu, T-C., Kwon, M., Mulchand Patel, Kerr, D.S.; Primary amino acid sequence and structure of human pyruvate carboxylase; Biochem. Biophys. Acta; 1994 Jul; 1227(7); 46-52

Leung, P.S.C., Wantanabe, Y., Munoz, S., Teuber, S.S., Mulchand Patel, Korenberg, J.R., Hara, P., Coppel, R., Gershwin, M.E.; Chromosome localization and RFLP analysis of PDC-E2: The major autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis; Autoimmunity; 1993 Jul; 14; 335-340

Ali, M.S., Roche, T.E., Mulchand Patel; Identification of the essential cysteine residue in the active site of bovine pyruvate dehydrogenase; J. Biol. Chem.; 1993 Jul; 268; 222353-22356

Liu, T-C., Kim, H., Arizmendi, C., Kitano, A., Mulchand Patel; Identification of two missense mutations in a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-deficient patient; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.); 1993 Jul; 90; 5186-5190

Hiremagalur, B.K., Vadlamudi, S., Johanning, G.L., Mulchand Patel; Long term effects of feeding high-carbohydrate diet in preweaning period by gastrostomy: A new rat model for obesity; Internatl. J. Obesity; 1993 Jul; 17; 495-502

Vadlamudi, S., Hiremagalur, B.K., Tao, L., Kalhan, S.C., Kalaria, R.N., Kaung, H-L.C., Mulchand Patel; Long-term effects on pancreatic function of feeding a high-carbohydrate formula to rats during the preweaning period; Amer. J. Physiol.: Endocrinol. & Metabolism; 1993 Jul; 265; E565-E571

Chang, M., Naik, S., Johanning, G., Ho, L., Mulchand Patel; Multiple protein-binding domains and functional cis-elements in the 5'-flanking region of the human pyruvate dehydro-genase alpha subunit gene; Biochemistry; 1993 Jul; 32; 4263-4269

Mulchand Patel, Vadlamudi, S.P., Johanning, G.L.; Overview of pup in a cup model: Hepatic lipogenesis in rats artificially reared on a high-carbohydrate formula; J. Nutr.; 1993 Jul; 123; 373-377

Borum, P.R., Mulchand Patel; Overview. Symposium: Animal models in neonatal and infant nutrition research; J. Nutr.; 1993 Jul; 123; 372-372

Wexler, I.D., Hemalatha, S.G., Liu, T-C., Berry, S.A., Kerr, D.S., Mulchand Patel; A mutation in the alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase associated with variable expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency; Pediatr. Res.; 1992 Jul; 32; 169-174

Jentoft, J.E., Shoham, M., Hurst, D., Mulchand Patel; A structural model for human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; Proteins, Structure, Function, and Genetics; 1992 Jul; 14; 88-101

Coleman, R.A., Hiremagalur, B.K., Tratchman, J., Bardes, E.S-G., Rao, P., Mulchand Patel; Alteration of enzymes of hepatic glycerolipid synthesis in artificially reared rat pups fed high carbohydrate and high fat diets; J. Nutr. Biochem.; 1992 Jul; 3; 129-134

Hiremagalur, B.K., Johanning, G.L., Kalhan, S.C., Mulchand Patel; Alterations in hepatic lipogenic capacity in rat pups artificially reared on a milk-substitute formula high in carbohydrate or medium-chain triglycerides; J. Nutr. Biochem.; 1992 Jul; 3; 474-480

Mulchand Patel, Hiremagalur, B.K.; Artificial rearing technique: Its usefulness in nutrition research; J. Nutr.; 1992 Jul; 122; 412-419

Mulchand Patel, Kerr, D.S., Wexler, I.D.; Biochemical and molecular aspects of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency; Internatl. Pediatr.; 1992 Jul; 7; 16-22

Johhaning, G.L., Morris, J.I., Madhusudhan, K.T., Samols, D., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of the transcriptional regulatory region of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.); 1992 Jul; 89; 10964-10968

Kim, H., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of two site-specifically mutated human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (His-452 Gln and Glu-457 Gln); J. Biol. Chem.; 1992 Jul; 267; 5128-5132

Dahl, H-H.M., Brown, G.K., Brown, R.M., Hansen, L.L., Kerr, D.S., Wexler, I.D., Mulchand Patel, DeMeirleir, L., Lissens, W., Chun, K., MacKay, N., Robinson, B.H.; Mutations and polymorphisms in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1alpha gene; Human Mutation; 1992 Jul; 1; 97-102

John, J., Mulchand Patel, Telang, S.D.; Effects of maternal dietary protein content on cerebral ketone body-metabolizing enzymes in the progeny of rats; J. Nutr. Biochem.; 1991 Jul; 2; 604-608

Kim, H., Liu, T-C., Mulchand Patel; Expression of cDNA sequences encoding mature and precursor forms of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. Differences in kinetic mechanisms; J. Biol. Chem.; 1991 Jul; 266; 9367-9373

Wexler, I.D., Hemalatha, S.G., Mulchand Patel; Sequence conservation in the alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase and its similarity to branched-chain acid-keto acid dehydro-genase; FESB Letters; 1991 Jul; 282; 209-213

Iwayama, T., Leung, P.S.C., Coppel, R.L., Roche, T.E., Mulchand Patel, Mizushima, Y., Dickson, R., Gershwin, M.E.; Specificity reactivity of recombinant human PDC-E1alpha in primary biliary cirrhosis; J. Autoimmunity; 1991 Jul; 4; 769-778

Ho, L., Mulchand Patel; Cloning and cDNA sequence of the beta subunit component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Gene; 1990 Jul; 86; 297-302

Mulchand Patel, Roche, T.E.; Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; FASEB J.; 1990 Jul; 4; 3224-3233

Ho, L., Wexler, I.D., Liu, T-C., Thekkumkara, T.J., Mulchand Patel; Characterization of cDNAs encoding human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha-subunit; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.); 1989 Jul; 86; 5330-5334

Carothers, D.J., Pons, G., Mulchand Patel; Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: Functional similarities and divergent evolution of the pyrimidine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1989 Jul; 268; 409-425

Ho, L., Wexler, I.D., Kerr, D.S., Mulchand Patel; Genetic defects in human pyruvate dehydrogenase; Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci.; 1989 Jul; 573; 359

Thekkumkara, T.J., Mulchand Patel; Ochratoxin A decreases the activity of phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase and its mRNA content in primary cultures of rat kidney proximal convoluted tubule cells; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.; 1989 Jul; 162; 916-920

Serrano, E., Luis, A.M., Encabo, P., Alconada, A., Ho, L., Mulchand Patel, Cuezva, J.M.; Rapid postnatal induction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in rat liver mitochondria; Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci.; 1989 Jul; 573; 412-415

Kerr, D.S., Berry, S.A., Lusk, M.M., Ho, L., Mulchand Patel; A deficiency of both subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase which is not expressed in fibroblasts; Pediatr. Res.; 1988 Jul; 24; 95-100

Pons, G., Raefsky-Estrin, C., Carothers, D.J., Pepin, R.A., Javed, A.A., Jesse, B.W., Ganapathi, M.K., Samols, D., Mulchand Patel; Cloning and cDNA sequence of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component of human alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.); 1988 Jul; 85; 1422-1426

Wexler, I.D., Kerr, D.S., Ho, L., Lusk, M.M., Pepin, R.A., Javed, A.A., Mole, J.E., Jesse, B.W., Thekkumkara, T.J., Pons, G., Mulchand Patel; Heterogeneous expression of protein and mRNA in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.); 1988 Jul; 85; 7336-7340

Ho, L., Javed, A.A., Pepin, R.A., Thekkumkara, T.J., Raefsky, C., Mole, J.E., Caliendo, A.M., Kwon, M.S., Kerr, D.S., Mulchand Patel; Identification of a cDNA clone for the b-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.; 1988 Jul; 150; 904-908

Carothers, D.J., Pons, G., Mulchand Patel; Induction of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation; Biochem. J.; 1988 Jul; 249; 897-902

Thekkumkara, T.J., Ho, L., Wexler, I.D., Liu, T-C., Mulchand Patel; Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of human pyruvate dehydro-genase complex; FEBS Letters; 1988 Jul; 240; 45-48

Ganapathi, M.K., Kwon, M., Haney, P.M., McTeirnan, C., Javed, A.A., Pepin, R.A., Samoles, D., Mulchand Patel; Cloning of rat brain succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase cDNA: Regulation of the mRNA in different rat tissues and during brain development; Biochem. J.; 1987 Jul; 248; 853-857

Thekkumkara, T.J., Jesse, B.W., Ho, L., Raefsky, C., Pepin, R.A., Javed, A.A., Pons, G., Mulchand Patel; Isolation of a cDNA clone for the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of the human liver pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.; 1987 Jul; 145; 903-907

Carothers, D.J., Raefsky-Estrin, C., Pons, G, Mulchand Patel; Rat liver mitochondrial contain two immunologically-district dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1987 Jul; 256; 597-605

Kerr, D.S., Ho, L., Berlin, C.M., LaNoue, K.F., Towfighi, J., Hoppel, C.L., Lusk, M.M., Gondek, C.M., Mulchand Patel; Systemic deficiency of the first component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Pediatr. Res.; 1987 Jul; 22; 312-318

Ho, L., Hu, C-W.C., Packman, S., Mulchand Patel; Deficiency of the pyruvate dehydro-genase component in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-deficient human fibroblasts: immuno-logical identification; J. Clin. Invest.; 1986 Jul; 78; 844-847

Ganapathi, M.K., Raefsky, C., Mulchand Patel; Induction of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1986 Jul; 244; 114-121

Haney, P.M., Raefsky-Estrin, C., Caliendo, A., Mulchand Patel; Precocious induction of hepatic glucokinase and malic enzyme in artificially reared rat pups fed a high-carbohydrate diet; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1986 Jul; 244; 787-794

Kretzschmar, H.A., DeArmond, S.J., Koch, T.K., Mulchand Patel, Newth, C.J.L., Schmidt, K.A., Packman, S.; Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency as a cause of subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh's Disease); Pediatrics; 1986 Jul; 79; 370-373

Chitra, C.I., Cuezva, J.M., Mulchand Patel; Changes in the activity of 'active' pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the newborn of normal and diabetic rats; Diabetologia; 1985 Jul; 28; 148-152

Cuezva, J.M., Mulchand Patel; Effect of glucose and insulin administration on hepatic adenylate energy charge and the cytosolic redox state in the neonates of normal and insulin treated diabetic rats; Biol. Neonate; 1985 Jul; 48; 221-227

Mulchand Patel, Raefsky, C., Hu, C-W.C.; Modulation by dexamethasone of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; Biochem. J.; 1985 Jul; 226; 607-611

Haney, P.M., Mulchand Patel; Regulation of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase in developing rat brain. Responsiveness associated with prenatal but not postnatal hyperketonemia; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1985 Jul; 240; 426-434

Johnston, K., Newth, C.J.L, Sheu, K-F.R., Mulchand Patel, Heldt, G.P., Packman, S.; Central hypoventilation syndrome in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency; Pediatrics; 1984 Jul; 74; 1034-1040

Cuezva, J.M., Mulchand Patel; Disurbances of fetal liver varbohydrate metabolism and perinatal glucose homeostasis; Biochem. Soc. Tran.; 1984 Jul; 13; 83-85

Haney, P.M., Bolinger, L., Raefsky, C., Mulchand Patel; Turnover of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase in glioma and neuroblastoma cells; Biochem. J.; 1984 Jul; 244; 67-74

Chuang, D.T., Hu, C-W.C, Mulchand Patel; Induction of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during differentiation; Biochem. J.; 1983 Jul; 214; 177-181

Hu, C-W.C., Utter, M.F., Mulchand Patel; Induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase in 3T3-L1 cells during differentittion; J. Biol. Chem.; 1983 Jul; 258; 2315-2320

Caliendo, A.M., Mulchand Patel; Insulin receptors in developing rat liver. Acquisition of down regulation in the immediate postnatal period; Arch. Biochem. Biophys.; 1983 Jul; 277; 552-561

Russell, J.J., Mulchand Patel; 3-oxo acid-CoA transferase from rat brain; J. Neurochem.; 1982 Jul; 38; 1446-1452

Deskmukh, D.R., Mulchand Patel; Age-dependent changes in pyruvate uptake by nonsynaptic and synpatic mitochondria from rat brain; Mech. Ageing Development; 1982 Jul; 20; 343-351

Cuezvz, J.M., Burkett, E.S., Kerr, D.S., Rodman, H.M., Mulchand Patel; The newborn of diabetic rat. I. Hormonal and metabolic changes in the postnatal period; Pediatr. Res.; 1982 Jul; 16; 632-637

Cuezva, J.M., Chitra, I., Mulchand Patel; The newborn of diabetic rat. II. Impaired gluconeogenesis in the postnatal period; Pediatr. Res.; 1982 Jul; 16; 638-643

Owen, O.E., Reichle, F.A., Mozzoli, M.A., Kreulen, T., Mulchand Patel, Elfenbein, I.B., Glosorkhi, M., Chang, K.H.Y., Rao, N.S., Sue, H.S.; Hepatic, gut, and renal substrate flux rates in patients with hepatic cirrhosis; J. Clin. Invest.; 1981 Jul; 68; 204-252

Mulchand Patel, Russell, J.J., Gershman, H.; Ketone-body metabolism in glioma and neuroblastoma cells; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.; 1981 Jul; 78; 7214-7218

Deshmukh, D.R., Mulchand Patel; Age-dependent changing in glutamate oxidation by non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria from rat brain; Mech. Ageing Development; 1980 Jul; 13; 75-81

Deshmukh, D.R., Owen, O.E., Mulchand Patel; Effect of aging on the metabolism of pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in non-synaptic mitochondria from rat brain.; J. Neurochem.; 1980 Jul; 34; 1219-1224

Owen, O.W., Mozzoli, M.A., Boden, G., Mulchand Patel, Reichard, G.A., Jr., Trapp, V., Shuman, C.R., Felig, P.; Substrate, hormone, and temperature responses in males and females to a common response; Metabolism; 1980 Jul; 29; 511-523

Mulchand Patel; Influence of neonatal hypothyroidism on the development of ketone body-metabolizing enzymes in rat brain; Biochem J.; 1979 Jul; 184; 169-172

Mulchand Patel, Owen, O.E.; The metabolism of leucine by developing rat grain: effect of leucine and 2-oxo-4-0methylvalerate on lipid synthesis from glucose and ketone bodies; J. Neurochem.; 1978 Jul; 30; 775-782

Mulchand Patel; Age dependent changes in the oxidative metabolism in rat brain; J. Gerontology; 1977 Jul; 31; 643-646

Mulchand Patel, Owen, O.E.; Development and regulation of lipid synthesis from ketone bodies by rat brain; J. Neurochem.; 1977 Jul; 28; 109-114

Owen, O.E., Block, B.S.B., Mulchand Patel, Boden, G., McDonough, M., Kreulen, T., Shuman, C.R., Reichard, G.A., Jr.; Human splanchnic metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis; Metabolism; 1977 Jul; 26; 381-398

Mulchand Patel, Owen, O. E.; Effect of hyperphenylalaninemia on lipid synthesis from ketone bodies by rat brain.; Biochem. J.; 1976 Jul; 154; 319-325

Mulchand Patel, Owen, O.E., Raefsky, C.; Effect of methylmalonate on ketone body metabolism in developing rat brain; Life Sci.; 1976 Jul; 19; 41-48

Mulchand Patel, Owen, O. E.; Lipogenesis from ketone bodies in rat brain. Evidence for conversion of acetoacetate to acetyl coenzyme A in the cytosol.; Biochem. J.; 1976 Jul; 156; 603-607

Mulchand Patel; Citrate transport and oxidation byisolated rat brain mitochondria.; Brain Res.; 1975 Jul; 98; 607-611

Mulchand Patel, Owen, O. E., Goldman, L. I., Hanson, R. W.; Fatty acid synthesis by human adipose tissue.; Metabolism; 1975 Jul; 24; 161-173

Mulchand Patel, Johnson, C. A., Rajan, R., Owen, O. E.; The metabolism of ketone bodies in developing human brain: development of ketone body-utilizing enzymes an dketone bodies as precursors for lipid synthesis.; J. Neurochem.; 1975 Jul; 26; 905-908

Mulchand Patel, Tonkonnow, B. L.; Development of lipogenesis in rat brain cortex: the differential in vitro incorporation of glucose and acetate into brain lipids.; J. Neurochem.; 1974 Jul; 23; 309-313

Wilbor, D. O., Mulchand Patel; Development of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism in rat brain.; J. Neurochem.; 1974 Jul; 22; 709-715

Sutnick, M. R., Grover, W. D., Mulchand Patel; Impairment of hepatic pyruvate metabolism in phenylketonuria.; Life Sci.; 1974 Jul; 15; 1945-1953

Mulchand Patel; Inhibition by the branched-chain 2-oxoacids of the 2-oxo-glutarate dehdrogenase complex in developing rat and human brain.; Biochem. J.; 1974 Jul; 144; 91-97

Hanson, R. W., Mulchand Patel; Lipogenesis in developing guinea pig liver.; Mechanism of Aging and Development; 1974 Jul; 3; 65-73

Mulchand Patel, Arinze, I. J.; Phenylketonuria: metabolic alterations induced by phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate.; Am. J. Clin. Nutr.; 1974 Jul; 28; 183-188

Mulchand Patel; The effect of ketone bodies on pyruvate carboxylation by rat brain mitochondria.; J. Neurochem.; 1974 Jul; 22; 866-867

Mulchand Patel; The relative significance of CO2-fixing enzymes in the metabolism of rat brain.; J. Neurochem.; 1974 Jul; 22; 717-724

Mulchand Patel, Auerbach, V.H., Grover, W.D., Wilbur, D.O.; Effect of the branchedchain alpha-keto acids on pyruvate metabolism by homogenates of human brain; J. Neurochem.; 1973 Jul; 20; 1793-1796

Mulchand Patel, Arinze, I. J.; Inhibition by phenylpyruvate of gluconeogenesis in the perfused rat liver; Biochem.; 1973 Jul; 12; 4473-4479

Mulchand Patel, Grover, W.D., Auerbach, V.H.; Pyruvate metabolism by homogenates of human brain: effects of phenylpyruvate and implications for the etiology of the mental retardation in phenylketonuria; J. Neurochem.; 1973 Jul; 20; 289-296

Mulchand Patel, Tilghman, S.M.; Regulation of pyruvate metabolism via pyruvate carboxylase in rat brain mitochondria; Biochem. J.; 1973 Jul; 132; 185-192

Gruskin, A.B., Mulchand Patel, Linshaw, M., Ettenger, R., Huff, D., Grover, W.D.; Renal functional studies and kidney pyruvate carboxylase in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's syndrome); Pediatr. Res.; 1973 Jul; 7; 832-841

Mulchand Patel, Grover, W.D., Auerbach, V.H.; Biochemical studies and therapy in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy; J. Pediatr.; 1972 Jul; 81; 39-44

Mulchand Patel; The effect of phenylpyruvate on pyruvate metabolism in rat brain; Biochem. J; 1972 Jul; 128; 677-684

Mulchand Patel, Hanson, R.W, Jomain-Baum, M, Ballard, F.J; The pathway of carbon flow during fatty acids synthesis from lactate and pyruvate in rat adipose tissue; J. Lipid Res; 1971 Jul; 12; 179-191

Mulchand Patel; Carboxylation of pyruvate by human adipose tissue mitochondria; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.; 1970 Jul; 41; 549-554

Mulchand Patel, Hanson, R.W.; Carboxylation of pyruvate by isolated rat adipose tissue mitochondria; J. Biol. Chem.; 1970 Jul; 245; 1302-1310

Mulchand Patel, Mistry, S.P; Glycogen synthesis in biotin-deficient rat liver; Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med.; 1970 Jul; 235; 264-268

Mulchand Patel, Mistry, S.P; Effect of food restriction on metabolic alterations in "control animals" used in studies on biotin-deficient rats; J. Nutr; 1969 Jul; 98; 235-240

Mulchand Patel, Mistry, S.P; Effect of food restriction on systematic oscillations in "control animals" used in studies on biotin-deficient rats; J. Nutri.; 1969 Jul; 97; 496-504

Mulchand Patel, Mistry, S.P.; Effect of biotin deficiency on food intake and body and organ weights of male albino rats; Growth; 1968 Jul; 32; 175-187

Mulchand Patel, Mistry, S.P.; Effect of sorbitol, fructose, succinate, aspartate, glutamate and fat on growth and survival time of biotin-deficient rats.; J. Nutr.; 96; 409-414

Yang, H.-S., Morris, J.I., Wang, Q., Korotchkina, L.G., Kwon, M. and Patel, M.S.; Human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene transcription is mediated by cAMO-response element-like site and TACGAC direct repeat; Internatl. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol.; 33; 902-913

Thekkumkara, T.J., Pons, G., Mitroo, S., Jentoft, J.E., Mulchand Patel; Molecular biology of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Structural aspects of the E2 and E3 components; Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci.; 573; 113-129

Mulchand Patel; Regulation of pyruvate carboxylase in rat brain mitochondria: effect of fluropyruvate.; Brain Res.; 76; 174-177

Mulchand Patel, Korotchkina, L.G., Ali, M.S.; The active site residues in mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase; Biochemistry and Physiology of Thiamin Diphosphate Enzymes, Bisswanger, H. and Schellenberger, A;

Mulchand Patel, Korotchkina, L.G., Ali, M.S.; The active site residues in mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase.; Biochemistry and Physiology of Thiamin Diphosphate Enzymes, Bisswanger, H. and Schellenberger, A. (eds.), A.u.C. Intemann, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Prien;

Mulchand Patel, Hanson, R.W, Reshef, L, Ballard, F.J; The role of pyruvate carboxylin and P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase in adipose tissue; Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, H-D;

GRANTS

July 2002 to June 2003 A Mouse Model for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency National Organization for Rat Disorders Mulchand Patel $30,000

January 2002 to December 2002 Regulation of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase Complex ASTA Medica Ag, Germany Mulchand Patel $75,607

September 2001 to November 2004 Crystal structure of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex facilitated by microgravity NASA Mulchand Patel

September 2001 to July 2006 Maternal hyperinsulinemia and fetal programming NIH/NIDDK Mulchand Patel $1,691,332

April 2001 to March 2003 Long-term metabolic consequences of early nutritional modification NIH/NICHD Mulchand Patel $260,520

July 1998 to June 2002 Diet-induced Hyperinsulinemia and Beta Cell Function NIH/NIDDK Dr. Suzanne Laychock $961,020

September 1996 to April 1998 Diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and beta cell function National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Mulchand Patel, Suzanne Laychock $160,000

July 1994 to June 1999 Regulation of Mammalian Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Mulchand Patel

April 1994 to March 1995 Conference on "Mitochondrial alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes NSF-Conference Grant Mulchand Patel

August 1990 to July 1993 Regulation of mammalian diphydrolipoamide dehydrogenase National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Mulchand Patel

July 1989 to June 1991 Inborn Errors of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Mulchand Patel

October 1988 to September 1989 Conference on alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complex NSF-Conference Grant Mulchand Patel, Roche, Thomas

February 1988 to January 1991 Inborn errors of pyruvate metabolism National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Mulchand Patel, Kerr, Douglas

January 1988 to December 1992 Long term metabolic consequences of early nutritional modification NIH Perinatal Emphasis Research Center Grant Kalhan, Satish, Mulchand Patel

April 1985 to June 1987 A sensitive assay for mycotoxin nephrology National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Mulchand Patel

January 1985 to December 1985 Long term consequences of early nutritional modifications Diabetes Association of Greater Cleveland Research Grant-in-Aid Mulchand Patel

April 1982 to September 1985 Regulation of CoA-transferase in developing brain American Association of Dental Schools Mulchand Patel

September 1980 to August 1983 Control of fetal and nonnatal glucose metabolism National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Mulchand Patel

January 1978 to December 1980 Effect of maternal diabetes on metabolism in newborns National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Mulchand Patel

September 1977 to August 1980 Biochemical changes in aging brain National Institute on Aging Mulchand Patel

June 1971 to May 1974 Biochemical regulation of aging process National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Mulchand Patel

May 1971 to December 1977 Regulation of metabolic processes in developing brain National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Mulchand Patel